Masterby Books by Michael W Lucas
Mastery Books by Michael W Lucas
Upgraded MacBook Pro to Big Sur
Installing macOS 11 - Big Sur
Unix Tutorial - Annual Digest - 2020
Unix Tutorial - Annual Digest
Algolia Search in Jekyll
Algolia search in Jekyll
Updated Docker pages
Docker
Invalid Command SSLEngine - Apache (httpd)
Apache httpd Web Server
macOS 11 - Big Sur
macOS 11 - Big Sur
Ubuntu 20.10 - Groovy Gorilla
Ubuntu 20.10
How To: Simple HTTP Server with Python
Start simple HTTP server with Python
How To Tag Docker Images
Docker
Where to Find System Calls Numbers
Linux System Calls and their Numbers
Syslog and ASL in macOS
macOS Catalina
How To: Change Crontab Editor in macOS
my crontab in nano editor on macOS
Linux Kernel 5.8
Linux
ZFS basics: enable or disable compression
Enabling ZFS compression
Unix Tutorial Digest - August 3rd, 2020
Unix Tutorial Digest
New Docker Hub Pricing
Docker Hub
screenFetch in Linux Mint 20.0 Ulyana
I replaced Linux Mint Debian Edition 4 with Linux Mint 20 - Ulyana the other day on my Dell XPS laptop, here’s the customary screenFetch:
ZFS Performance Basics: Disable atime
Disabling atime in ZFS
Arctic Code Vault Contributor
Arctic Code Vault
How To Use watch Command with Quicker Intervals
watch ifconfig command with 0.2s interval
Upgrading LMDE4 to the latest Linux kernel
Linux Kernel 5.6 in LMDE4
Linux Mint 20.0 Released
Linux Mint
Free Online Training from Red Hat
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8
Getting Started with ZFS in Ubuntu 20.04
ZFS in Ubuntu 20.04
Upgrading Ubuntu 19.04 to Ubuntu 20.04
Ubuntu 20.04
It’s time to upgrade home servers, so I have finally gotten aroud to upgrading one system from Ubuntu 19.04 to Ubuntu 20.04
tmux mouse mode in macOS
Text selection with mouse in tmux
How To: Fix apt update in Ubuntu 19.04
Ubuntu 19.04
Raspberry Pi 4 8GB
Raspberry Pi 4
Wow, Raspberry Pi 4 is now available with 8GB of DDR4 memory! This is still a crazy good value for something that costs less than $100 ($75 for just the Raspberry Pi itself, actually) and runs modern operating systems with most of functionality you come to expect from a Linux desktop!
Grafana 7.0 Released
Grafana 7
OpenIndiana 2020.04 Released
OpenIndiana
SSH: Bad configuration option: usekeychain
SSH bad configuration option: usekeychain
Kali Linux 2020.1a on Raspberry Pi 4
This is actually Kali Linux 2020.1a
Project Follow-up: WordPress Blog to Jekyll
Jekyll 4 CMS
Welcome to the new Unix Tutorial website!
Unix Tutorial
Switching UnixTutorial.org to Jekyll
Unix Tutorial migrating to Jekyll 4
Confirm where Ruby Gems are Installed
gem environment in macOS
screenFetch – Raspbian 10 Buster on Raspberry Pi 4
screenfetch - Raspbian Buster - Rapsbian Pi 4
GitHub Free Plan for Teams
GitHub
Ubuntu 20.04 - Focal Fossa
Ubuntu 20.04 - Focal Fossa
Reviewing Docker Logs
Docker
Bash History
BASH - Bourne Again SHell
Get X11 Forwarding In macOS High Sierra
I needed to forward X11 output from one of my Linux servers recently to run virt-manager (manager for virtual machines in KVM), and because it’s been a while I had to download and install X11 server again.
screenFetch in LMDE4
Got that Linux Mint Debian Edition 4 installed on my Dell XPS laptop, and it looks and feels amazing!
AWS
OpenSSLProject: Migrate WordPress Blog to Jekyll 4
Unix Tutorial RU based on Jekyll 4
Migrate iptables to nftables in CentOS 8
iptables to nftables
Removed DHCP daemons in Raspbian
Raspberry Pi 4 - Specs
How To: Disable Sleep on Ubuntu Server
Ubuntu 19.10
Docker Module in Ansible
Docker in macOS
Sublime Text 3
Sublime Text 3
How To: check and change filesystem label with e2label
e2label with ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems
Ansible: Could Not Match Supplied Host Pattern
Red Hat Ansible
Debian 10.3 Released
Debian Linux
Project: Password Protect a Website with nginx
nginx webserver
Project: Compile exFAT-FUSE in RHEL 8
Compiled ExFAT-FUSE binaries in RHEL 8
Secure Keyboard Input in BASH Scripts
Secure keyboard input in BASH
Kali Linux 2020.1
Kali Linux 2020.1
Uninstalling minikube
Deleting minikube
How To Ignore SSL Warnings in curl
Ignore SSL warnings in curl
Use Backups When Deploying with Ansible
Backup flag in the template module
Unix Tutorial - Annual Digest - 2019
Unix Tutorial - Annual Digest
Welcome to 2020!
Unix Tutorial
List Kernel Extensions with kextfind
kextfind in macOS
Sort Files by Size with ls
I love reading man pages for even the most basic Unix commands like ls, because there’s always something interesting to learn. Today I discovered that it’s possible to sort ls output by file size.
Linux Kernel 5.4
This past Sunday saw the announcement of Linux Kernel 5.4, this release brings a number of significant improvements.
Upgrading RHEL 8 to RHEL 8.1
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8
OpenIndiana 2019.10 Released
OpenIndiana
brew cask VS brew formula
Homebrew for macOS
How To Generate ed25519 SSH Key
Generating ed25519 SSH Key
Project: Connect LG 5K Display to PC
As I mentioned, I’m building a new Linux based desktop PC – currently running RHEL 8. Since I’m planning it as a primary desktop system for my home lab, I want to eventually migrate workflows from MacBook Pro to the new PC – and this means I want to use my existging LG 5K UltraFine 27” display. This seemed like an interesting Unix Tutorial Project from the very start!
Run Ansible Tasks Based on OS Distribution
Skipping Tasks based on OS-specific Ansible Conditionals
CentOS 8 and CentOS Stream Released
CentOS Linux
Unix Tutorial for Russian Speakers
Unix Tutorial RU
Docker Desktop vs Docker Machine
Docker Containers
Skip Gathering Facts in Ansible
Ansible
Manage Settings with dotfiles
Unix Tutorial
How To Troubleshoot SELinux with Audit Logs
posts/)
SELinux
sudo Meaning: What Does sudo Mean?
sudo allows you to run a Unix command as a different user. Many beginner users are asking for meaning of the sudo command, so here’s my take.
How To: Setup sudo in Debian
Apparently, Debian installer doesn’t install or activate sudo by default. This means that sudo command is not found the only privilege escalation method available is becoming root via su command. Since I like and use sudo daily, I decided to install and setup it on Debian VM.
Install Latest tmux with Homebrew
Homebrew for macOS
Convert Epoch Time with Python
I’m slowly improving my Python skills, mostly by Googling and combining multiple answers to code a solution to my systems administration tasks. Today I decided to write a simpe converter that takes Epoch Time as a parameter and returns you the time and date it corresponds to.
Listing Full Timestamps with ls in Linux
ls –full-time
Projects: Upgrading Armbian on Helios 4
Armbian 5.77 on Helios 4
brew Command Not Found
Homebrew for macOS
Upgrade Ubiquiti UniFi on Ubuntu 19.04
UniFi Controller 5.10.x with Dark Mode
Troubleshooting: ifconfig Not Found in Debian
I’ve actually written about ifconfig not found before, but noticed recently another possible scenario so will mention it today.
Linux Mint 19.2 Released
Linux Mint
OpenStackCreate swap from File on BTRFS Filesystem
mkswap and swapon
Create swap from File on BTRFS Filesystem
I had a server run out of space recently, to the point that it couldn’t complete the yum update. This server ended up corrupting a yum packages database.
How To: Check AppArmor Status
Apparmor in Debian/Ubuntu
How To: Upgrade Packages that Were Kept Back
Now and then you may notice that apt-get upgrade command keeps a few packages back, meaning they don’t get upgraded. This quick post shows what you can do about it and how to get all the packages upgraded.
sudo chown
Unlike chmod command, chown only becomes useful if run with elevated (root) privileges. In Linux, it is most commonly used with the help of sudo command.
Unix Tutorial Projects: Install Ubuntu 19.04 on Dell XPS 13 9380
I know that the upcoming Linux Mint release will be based on the just-released Ubuntu 19.04, but just couldn’t wait this long to try Ubuntu 19.04 and all the improvements it brings. So my past few week’s project has been to install Ubuntu 19.04 on my Dell XPS 13 9380 laptop.
SSH: Too Many Authentication Failures
Unix Tutorial
Unix Tutorial Projects: Use OfflineIMAP For Receiving Email
This week’s Unix Tutorial Project is super geeky and fun: I’m setting up text-based email archive system using Mutt (NeoMutt, actually), OfflineIMAP and hopefully NotMuch. Will publish a project summary on the weekend.
How To: Change Graphics Mode for GRUB Bootloader
Unix Tutorial
ifconfig command not found
Call me old fashioned, but I still prefer using ifconfig command. It’s not as cool as the ip command found in recent Linux distros, but familiar and universal enough to be found pretty much everywhere else. This post shows how to install packages to make ifconfig working again.
Projects: Automatic Keyboard Backlight for Dell XPS in Linux
My Dell XPS 9380 laptop
Controlling Dell Laptop Keyboard Backlight from Command Line
Keyboard Trigger for Keyboard Backlight
How To: Show Colour Numbers in Unix Terminal
256 colours in tmux
How To: Install Kernel Source Code in CentOS/RedHat
CentOS Linux
Reset admin password in OpenMediaVault
If you had forgotten the OpenMediaVault Default Login defaults, this post should help you reset it.
Projects: Start tmux Instead of Login Prompt on tty1
tmux Instead of Login Prompt on tty1
How To Install TTF Fonts in Linux
I really like the Hack font – it’s used in my terminal apps on MacOS, Linux and even Windows workstations. This short post demonstrates how to install Hack font, but you can use the steps to configure any other TrueType Font (TTF) on your system.
How To: View NFS Shares
Another day, another step to further configure the Helios 4 based network storage. Today I was configuring access from NFS access.
Projects: NAS storage with Helios 4
Helios 4 NAS
How To Install Jekyll in Linux Mint 19
Jekyll Serve in Linux Mint
How To Confirm Solaris 11 version
Oracle Solaris 11
Brave browserEpoch Time
Unix Epoch
Stress Testing CPU with dd command
htop showing CPU busy with dd
Unix Tutorial Projects: GitHub Pages with Jekyll
Jekyll 4 CMS
Docker Inspect
Docker
RSyslogpwd command and PWD variable
PWD variable
chown example
One of the most useful and powerful basic Unix commands, chown command allows you to change ownership of specified files and directories – change user or group owner.
How To: Inspect SSH Key Fingerprints
As you can imagine, SSH keypairs – combinations of private and public keys – are vital elements of your digital identity as a sysadmin or a developer. And since they can be used for accessing source code repositories and for deploying changes to production environments, you usually have more than one SSH key. That’s why it’s important to know how to inspect SSH key fingerprints.
AWK Delimiter
Since awk field separator seems to be a rather popular search term on this blog, I’d like to expand on the topic of using awk delimiters (field separators).
Ignore SSL errors in VMware PowerCLI
VMware Logo
Remove Unused Volumes in Docker
Docker Containers
Ubiquiti UniFi controller on Ubuntu 18.10
I have a tiny server in home office, it used to be a Window 8 based entertainment box but I reinstalled it with Ubuntu 18.10 recently enough to run home automation. There has’t been any particular function assigned to this server but I have finally decided what role it will play: it will be an always-on Ubiquiti UniFi controller for my home office network!
Unix Diff
diff is a mightly command line tool found in most of Unix and Unix-like operating systems. diff helps you to find differences between files and directories.
Docker: Stop All Containers
Now and then, especially when working on a development environment, you need to stop multiple Docker containers. Quite often, you need to stop all of the currently running containers. I’m going to show you one of the possible ways.
screenFetch in RHEL 8
Look what I have finally installed in one of my VirtualBox 6.0 virtual machines yesterday:
Disable a startup of service in Ubuntu
If for whatever reason you stop using a certain service in your Ubuntu install and would like to disable automatic restarting for it upon system reboot, all it takes to do it is just one command line.
Unix Epoch
Unix Epoch
HW Virtualization
Hardware Virtualization - Desktop Virtualization
List Containers in Docker
Docker
GitHub: Private Repositories are Free Now
GitHub Octocat
How To Check SSH Port Status
Check SSH port 22 with telnet
SSH port
Default SSH port 22
How To: Test Disk I/O with dd
Screen Shot 2019-01-05 at 17.29.36.png dd command, that is pretty much guaranteed to be pre-installed on your Linux or Unix server, can be used to quickly get an understanding of the I/O capability of available storage.
Test TCP connectivity with curl
You probably know about curl command: it’s great for downloading web pages or files from a Unix command line. But there’s another great usage curl command has: testing TCP ports connectivity.
How To: 5 Ways to Check CentOS Version
One of the very first questions a Linux user asks is about confirming the release (OS version) in use. Knowing release helps with highlighting software dependencies and compatibilities, confirms availability of certain features in your OS and simplifies the process of system administration – certain releases have a preferred set of commands for day-to-day management.
mkdir cannot create directory
New Linux users often get puzzled by the “mkdir: cannot create directory” errors when taking first steps and trying to learn basics of working with files and directories. In this short post I’ll show the two most common types of this mkdir error and also explain how to fix things so that you no longer get these errors.
find mtime: identify recent files in Unix
find command has a great operator for narrowing down the list of results: mtime.
awk field separator
Separating fields in awk
check Raspbian version
The easiest way to check the version of Raspbian OS running on your Raspberry Pi is to use the lsb_release command:
lrwxrwxrwx
If you come across a rather cryptic word “lrwxrwxrwx” when listing files and directories, here’s how you can interpret it.
Creating bootable USB from ISO in MacOS
macOS High Sierra
How To List Disks and Partitions in MacOS
macOS High Sierra
VM - Virtual Machine
IMPORTANT: This is a post from another blog of mine, which I’m shutting down. I like the way these virtualization concepts were worded in such a relatively simple way, so I’m keeping the post 🙂
What Hardware Virtualization Really Means
Many of us have heard about hardware virtualization, but as far as I can see there is still a lot of confusion around this term and surrounding technologies, so today I’ve decided to give a really quick intro. Some time in the future, I’ll probably cover this topic in detail.
How To Check RAID Progress with /proc/mdstat
I explained how to read the /proc/mdstat in my recent post How To Identify RAID Arrays in Linux, so today is a super quick follow up using one of my systems.
Book Review: Learning MySQL
Learning MySQL
Command to Confirm Raspberry Pi Model
Because I own a number of Raspberry Pi systems, I get roughly the same question quite regularly about each one of them: how can I confirm what this Raspberry Pi model is from the command line? The reason I usually want to know is because the model of the Raspberry Pi hints the Raspbian release that will support it (older Raspbian releases do not have support for the most recent models of Raspberry Pi).
How To Determine OS Version on Your Raspberry Pi
Raspberry Pi 4
How To: Change Passphrase for SSH Private Key
Change Passphrase ssh-keygen -p
How To Create an Alias in Unix
When you want to save yourself from typing an unwieldy command over and over again you can create and use an alias for it. It will then act as a shortcut to the larger command, which you can type and run instead.
How to Change tmux Meta Key to a Better One
The tmux tool, or the terminal multiplexer, is great for allowing you to run multiple terminals side by side. What’s even better is that you can somewhat customize its behavior using the tmux.conf file. The meta key is the prefix you press before you issue a command that controls tmux so you can, for instance, split the terminal in two. By default it is set to CTRL-B, and this is how you can change that.
5 things you can do with netstat command
netstat in macOS
How to change filesystem label with tune2fs
Some properties of ext2, ext3, and ext4 file systems on Linux and UNIX can be tuned on the fly using the tune2fs command. This includes the file system’s label.
How To: Install unrar in Linux
The unrar program, which serves to open and extract popular .rar archives, is often available for install from repositories of a given Linux distribution. That should make installing it easy by using your distribution’s package management system. That can be either a graphical user interface program like Ubuntu Software Center, or a command like tool like apt-get.
How to Find Directories Larger Than 1GB in Linux
Finding out sizes of files and directories in Linux is done using the du command, which estimates their disk space usage. The du command can be used with options that allow you to customize the results you get.
How To Use visudo
The visudo command is a safe and secure way of editing the /etc/sudoers file on UNIX and Linux systems. /etc/sudoers is instumental for gaining privileged access via sudo command.
How To Use sudo
The visudo command is a safe and secure way of editing the /etc/sudoers file on UNIX and Linux systems. /etc/sudoers is instumental for gaining privileged access via sudo command.
How To: create filesystem with mkfs
The mkfs command available in UNIX and Linux operating systems is used to create file systems on various storage devices or partitions. It stands for “make filesystem”, and creating a file system is essentially an equivalent to what is popularly known as “formatting” a disk or a partition with a particular file system type (such as FAT32 or NTFS in Windows).
Difference Between chmod and chown
The chmod and chown commands are used to control access to files in UNIX and Linux systems.
Ubuntu: how to clean APT cache
Ubuntu Linux
Update Raspberry Pi firmware with rpi-update
Here are the steps I’m doing from time to time to keep my Raspberry Pi devices up to date.
Use /proc/version to identify your Linux release
Hi everyone, I’m finally back from my holidays, and simply cannot wait to share some more Unix tips with all of you!
How To Confirm if Your CPU is 32bit or 64bit
I had to download a piece of software today for one of the servers which I haven’t used in a while. A question of confirming the 64bit CPU capability came up, and I realized that I never mentioned it here on Unix Tutorial.
How To Change Ownership of Files and Directories in Unix
I’ve just been asked a question about changing the ownership of files from one Unix user to another, and thought it probably makes sense to have a quick post on it.
How To Check if Any Users Were Added or Deleted on Your Linux System
Yesterday in my post on numeric userids instead of usernames, I touched briefly the problem of recovering the username if you only know the userid it once had. Today I would like to show you another option which may be available to you when it comes to recovering the usernames of removed users by their userid.
What To Do if Numeric ID is Shown Instead of Username
As you know, every file in your Unix OS belongs to some user and some group. It is very easy to confirm the ownership of any file because user id and group id which own the file are always linked to the file. However, sometimes you can’t tell which user owns the file, and today I’m going to explain why. It’s a rather lengthy post and a complicated matter, so please leave questions or comments to help me polish this article off.
How To Create User Accounts in Unix
If you want to quickly create a new user account in your Unix OS, it ca be done with just one line
How To Update atime and mtime for a File in Unix
Unix Tutorial
How To Synchronize Directories with Rsync
Today I’d like to show you the basic usage of rsync – a wonderful, old and reliable tool for incremental data transfers and synchronization of local directories or even data between different Unix systems.
List Installed Packages on Your Ubuntu Linux
If you’re interested in what exactly your Ubuntu system has got installed, there’s a command you can use to list the packages along with their versions and short descriptions.
How To Determine Physical Memory Size in Linux
If you’re logged in at some remote Linux system and need to quickly confirm the amount of available memory, there’s a few commands you will find quite useful.
How To Compare Directories in Unix
Certain situations require you to quickly confirm which files between two directories are different, and while your particular requirements may suggest writing a script for this task, I want to make sure you’re familiar with the basics first – majority of directory comparisons can be done using diff command (yes, that’s right – the same one used for comparing files).
How To Show a Processes Tree in Unix
Showing your processes in a hierarchical list is very useful for confirming the relationship between every process running on your system. Today I’d like to show you how you can get tree-like processes lists using various commands.
atime, ctime and mtime in Unix filesystems
As you know, Unix filesystems store a number of timestamps for each file. This means that you can use these timestamps to find out when any file or directory was last accessed (read from or written to), changed (file access permissions were changed) or modified (written to).
How To List Directories in a Directory in Unix
Another quick answer to the question I see a lot in search queries on this blog: listing directories in a directory. I take it that this question means showing a list of only the directories and not other files under a certain location of your Unix filesystem.
How To Find a Location of a Directory in Unix
Very quick tip for you today, I just see that many of visitors of this block are curious how they can find a directory in Unix – and so here’s a command to help you do just that.
How To Find a Location of a Directory in Unix
When you’re trying to clean up your filesystems and reclaim some space, one of the first things you’ll want to do is to confirm the largest directories and individual files you have. This can be easily done using two Unix commands: find command and du command.
How To Find the Default Block Size in Unix
The questions about default block sizes used in your Unix system are always popular. Today I’d like to show you a few ways to answer them.
How To Find What Symlink Points To
To some this may seem like a trivial task, but I see great interest from Unix/Linux beginners arriving to this blog: how exactly does one confirm what a symlink points to?
Unix Tutorial
Recommended Software
I use Brave browser, it's awesome:
I'm also a fan of SetApp for macOS:
